The high population density of the cities does not allow families to safely abandon onsite sanitation facilities. This creates a need for a sanitation service chain to safely manage feacal waste. Hence, Shit/Excreta Flow Diagrams (SFD) are being developed as an analysis tool, which illustrates excreta pathways along the sanitation service chain in a city. The main objective of this study is to use the SFD methodology to model four possible …

Abstract: Excreta, Faecal or Shit Flow Diagrams (SFDs) are away to clearly represent how excreta flows along the sanitation service chain. This approach has already gaines popularity and many SFDs have already been produced. To date little attention has been paid to the methods and data used, or the credibility of the SFDs. The SFD Promotion Initiative has created a tool to enable the wieder roll-out of SFDs, which includes a credibility …

This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Arunesh Singh is leading and which Genevieve Kelly is supporting. The grant is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below. Short description of the project: PSI and its partners Water for People (WFP), the WASH Institute and 3S Shramik, a local business offering portable toilets, …

This Compendium aims at pulling the main information on sanitation technologies together in one volume. Moreover, the Compendium is to promote a systems approach; sanitation devices and technologies should always be considered as parts of an entire system. This second, revised edition of the Compendium presents a huge range of information on sanitation systems and technologies in one volume. By ordering and structuring tried and tested …

Globally, the great majority of urban dwellers, especially poor people, rely for their sanitation on non-sewered systems that generate a mix of solid and liquid wastes generally termed fecal sludge. In poor and rapidly expanding cities, fecal sludge management represents a growing challenge, generating significant negative public health and environmental risks. Without proper management, fecal sludge is often allowed to accumulate in poorly …

The World Bank - Water and Sanitation Program commissioned this study to examine global trends in FSM using 12 city case studies as a basis. The objective was to start developing an analysis that can be used to assess FSM at the city level and identify appropriate operational interventions. This desk-based study was a rapid assessment based on secondary data sources supplemented with interviews with key informants. The report is comprised of …

This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Pete Kolsky and James Bartram are leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below. Short description of the project: There is need to track human excreta beyond their initial deposit in toilets through to their final return to the environment, to ensure that the …

Every four in 10 houses in Indian cities and towns use latrines connected to septic tanks. Most municipalities do not have a proper plan to dispose of the faecal sludge collected in these tanks.