Recommended readings

The SFD Promotion Initiative recommends these readings for a better understanding of the SFD and city-wide sanitation approaches. The documents are kindly made available by the publisher to the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) library. The download link will lead you to the SuSanA library where you will be able to find more information on the publication and download it for free.

Fernández-Martínes, L., 2016
Using the Shit/Excreta Flow Diagrams (SFDs) for modelling future scenarios in Kumasi, Ghana
A research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Science of Loughborough University

The high population density of the cities does not allow families to safely abandon onsite sanitation facilities. This creates a need for a sanitation service chain to safely manage feacal waste. Hence, Shit/Excreta Flow Diagrams (SFD) are being developed as an analysis tool, which illustrates excreta pathways along the sanitation service chain in a city. The main objective of this study is to use the SFD methodology to model four possible …

Furlong, C., Mensah, A., Donkor, J., Scott, R., 2016
Learnings from implementing the excreta flow diagram (SFD) process in Kumasi

Abstract: Excreta, Faecal or Shit Flow Diagrams (SFDs) are away to clearly represent how excreta flows along the sanitation service chain. This approach has already gaines popularity and many SFDs have already been produced. To date little attention has been paid to the methods and data used, or the credibility of the SFDs. The SFD Promotion Initiative has created a tool to enable the wieder roll-out of SFDs, which includes a credibility …

Various authors, 2015
Project Prasaadhan - Business model development for fecal sludge management in rural Bihar
Various documents on results from research grant

This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Arunesh Singh is leading and which Genevieve Kelly is supporting. The grant is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below. Short description of the project: PSI and its partners Water for People (WFP), the WASH Institute and 3S Shramik, a local business offering portable toilets, …

Tilley, E., Ulrich, L., Lüthi, C., Reymond, P. and Zurbrügg, C., 2014
Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies (2nd Revised Edition)
(available in Arabic, English, French, Romanian, Russian and Spanish)

This Compendium aims at pulling the main information on sanitation technologies together in one volume. Moreover, the Compendium is to promote a systems approach; sanitation devices and technologies should always be considered as parts of an entire system. This second, revised edition of the Compendium presents a huge range of information on sanitation systems and technologies in one volume. By ordering and structuring tried and tested …

Blackett, I., Hawkins, P., Heymans, C., 2014
The missing link in sanitation service delivery. A review of fecal sludge management in 12 Cities

Globally, the great majority of urban dwellers, especially poor people, rely for their sanitation on non-sewered systems that generate a mix of solid and liquid wastes generally termed fecal sludge. In poor and rapidly expanding cities, fecal sludge management represents a growing challenge, generating significant negative public health and environmental risks. Without proper management, fecal sludge is often allowed to accumulate in poorly …

Peal, A., Evans, B., Blackett, I., Hawkins, P., Heymans, C., 2015
A Review of Fecal Sludge Management in 12 Cities
(Final Draft)

The World Bank - Water and Sanitation Program commissioned this study to examine global trends in FSM using 12 city case studies as a basis. The objective was to start developing an analysis that can be used to assess FSM at the city level and identify appropriate operational interventions. This desk-based study was a rapid assessment based on secondary data sources supplemented with interviews with key informants. The report is comprised of …

Various authors, 2015
Proof of concept of estimates for the unsafe return of human excreta to the environment
Various documents on results from research grant

This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Pete Kolsky and James Bartram are leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below. Short description of the project: There is need to track human excreta beyond their initial deposit in toilets through to their final return to the environment, to ensure that the …

Rohilla, S., Watwani, J., et al., 2016
Urban Shit
Where does this sludge go?

Every four in 10 houses in Indian cities and towns use latrines connected to septic tanks. Most municipalities do not have a proper plan to dispose of the faecal sludge collected in these tanks.